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Junit Framework:Its java unit testing framework.maily used for unit testing purpose.
Latest version of Junit is:jupitor junit (junit 5)

Annotation:it provides metadata to the classes and methods.Annotation starts with symbol @ followed by name.

Junit 5 is the latest version --that name is Jupiter Junit

Annotations:
Junit 4 Jupiter Junit
@BeforeClass or @BeforeAll
@Before or @BeforeEach
@Test @Test
@After @AfterEach
@AfterClass @AfterAll
@Ignore @Disabled
@Runwith @Runwith
@Suite @Suite

@BeforeClass:first this block of code will execute only once before executing any test method
only precondition steps for test method should be written inside this block
Syntax:
@BeforeClass/@BeforeAll
public static void methodName(){

//precondition code

}
@Before:this annotated method will execute before every test method

@Before/@BeforeEach
public void setUp(){
//write the code
}
@Test:only test steps should be written inside this method
we can write more than one @Test annotations in junit/testNG class.

@Test
public void testMethodName(){
//only test steps

}
@Test
public void test2(){test steps code}

Note:you can write multiple @Test annotations but method name must be different

@After:this annotated method will be executed after each test method

@After/@AfterEach
public void tearDown(){
//destroycode
}
@AfterClass:this annotated method will be executed after all the test methods of the class

@AfterClass/@AfterAll
public static void afterClass(){
//destroycode
}

@Ignore:if you want to ignore the execution of any test method, just write @Ignore above the @Test annotation

@Ignore
@Test
public void test1(){}

Execution order

@BeforeClass/@BeforeAll
.
.
.
@Before/@BeforeEach
.
.
@Test
.
.
@After/@AfterEach
.
.
@Before(if one more test method is there)/@BeforeEach
.
.
@Test(2nd test method)
.
.
@After/@AfterEach
.
.
@AfterClass/@AfterAll

Features :

JUnit is an open source framework which is used for writing & running tests.
Provides Annotation to identify the test methods.
Provides Assertions for testing expected results.
Provides Test runners for running tests.
JUnit tests allow you to write code faster which increasing quality
JUnit is elegantly simple. It is less complex & takes less time.
JUnit tests can be run automatically and they check their own results and provide immediate feedback. There's no need to manually comb through a report of test results.
JUnit tests can be organized into test suites containing test cases and even other test suites.
Junit shows test progress in a bar that is green if test is going fine and it turns red when a test fails.
The @Category annotation has been replaced by the @Tag annotation.
JUnit 5 adds a new set of assertion methods.
Runners have been replaced with extensions, with a new API for extension implementors.
JUnit 5 introduces assumptions that stop a test from executing.
JUnit 5 supports nested and dynamic test classes.

====================================================================

The Assertions class and its methods

The org.junit.jupiter.api.Test annotation denotes a test method. Note that the @Test annotation now comes from the JUnit 5 Jupiter API package instead of JUnit 4's org.junit package. The testConvertToDecimalSuccess method first executes the MathTools::convertToDecimal method with a numerator of 3 and a denominator of 4, then asserts that the result is equal to 0.75. The org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions class provides a set of static methods for comparing actual and expected results. The Assertions class has the following methods, which cover most of the primitive data types:

assertArrayEquals compares the contents of an actual array to an expected array.
assertEquals compares an actual value to an expected value.
assertNotEquals compares two values to validate that they are not equal.
assertTrue validates that the provided value is true.
assertFalse validates that the provided value is false.
assertLinesMatch compares two lists of Strings.
assertNull validates that the provided value is null.
assertNotNull validates that the provided value is not null.
assertSame validates that two values reference the same object.
assertNotSame validates that two values do not reference the same object.
assertThrows validates that the execution of a method throws an expected exception (you can see this in the testConvertToDecimalInvalidDenominator example above).
assertTimeout validates that a supplied function completes within a specified timeout.
assertTimeoutPreemptively validates that a supplied function completes within a specified timeout, but once the timeout is reached it kills the function's execution.

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Running your unit test

In order to run JUnit 5 tests from a Maven project, you need to include the maven-surefire-plugin in the Maven pom.xml file and add a new dependency. Listing 3 shows the pom.xml file for this project.

Listing 3. Maven pom.xml for an example JUnit 5 project


<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
      <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
      <groupId>com.javaworld.geekcap</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit5</artifactId>
      <packaging>jar</packaging>
      <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
      <build>
          <plugins>
              <plugin>
                  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                  <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                  <version>3.8.1</version>
                  <configuration>
                      <source>8</source>
                      <target>8</target>
                  </configuration>
              </plugin>
              <plugin>
                  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                  <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                  <version>3.0.0-M4</version>
              </plugin>
          </plugins>
      </build>
      <name>junit5</name>
      <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
      <dependencies>
          <dependency>
              <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
              <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
              <version>5.6.0</version>
              <scope>test</scope>
          </dependency>
      </dependencies>
  </project>

JUnit 5 dependencies

JUnit 5 packages its components in the org.junit.jupiter group and we need to add the junit-jupiter artifact, which is an aggregator artifact that imports the following dependencies:

junit-jupiter-api defines the API for writing tests and extensions.
junit-jupiter-engine is the test engine implementation that runs the unit tests.
junit-jupiter-params provides support for parameterized tests.

Next, we need to add the maven-surefire-plugin build plug-in in order to run the tests.

Finally, be sure to include the maven-compiler-plugin with a version of Java 8 or later, so that you'll be able to use Java 8 features like lambdas.

Run it!

Use the following command to run the test class from your IDE or from Maven:

mvn clean test

If you're successful, you should see output similar to the following:


[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]  T E S T S
[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Running com.javaworld.geekcap.math.MathToolsTest
[INFO] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.04 s - in com.javaworld.geekcap.math.MathToolsTest
[INFO]
[INFO] Results:
[INFO]
[INFO] Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  3.832 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2020-02-16T08:21:15-05:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

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New in JUnit 5: Tags

Before wrapping up this introduction to the core of JUnit 5, I'll show you how to use tags to selectively run different test cases in different scenarios. Tags are used to identify and filter specific tests that you want to run in different scenarios. For example, you can tag a test class or a test method as an integration test and another as development. The names and uses of the tags are all up to you.

We'll create three new test classes and tag two of them as development and one as production, presumably to differentiate between tests you want to run when building for different environments

Listing 6. Tags, Test 1 (TestOne.java)


package com.javaworld.geekcap.tags;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

@Tag("Development")
class TestOne {
    @Test
    void testOne() {
        System.out.println("Test 1");
    }
}

Listing 7. Tags, Test 2 (TestTwo.java)


package com.javaworld.geekcap.tags;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

@Tag("Development")
class TestTwo {
    @Test
    void testTwo() {
        System.out.println("Test 2");
    }
}

Listing 8. Tags, Test 3 (TestThree.java)

package com.javaworld.geekcap.tags;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Tag;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

@Tag("Production")
class TestThree {
    @Test
    void testThree() {
        System.out.println("Test 3");
    }
}

Tags are implemented through annotations, and you can annotate either an entire test class or individual methods in a test class; furthermore, a class or a method can have multiple tags. In this example, TestOne and TestTwo are annotated with the "Development" tag, and TestThree is annotated with the "Production" tag. We can filter test runs in different ways based on tags. The simplest of these is to specify a test in your Maven command line; for example, the following only executes tests tagged as "Development":

mvn clean test -Dgroups="Development"

The groups property allows you to specify a comma-separated list of tag names for the tests that you want JUnit 5 to run. Executing this yields the following output:

[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]  T E S T S
[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Running com.javaworld.geekcap.tags.TestOne
Test 1
[INFO] Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.029 s - in com.javaworld.geekcap.tags.TestOne
[INFO] Running com.javaworld.geekcap.tags.TestTwo
Test 2
[INFO] Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.001 s - in com.javaworld.geekcap.tags.TestTwo

Likewise, we could execute just the "Production" tests as follows:

mvn clean test -Dgroups="Production"

Or both "Development" and "Production" as follows:

mvn clean test -Dgroups="Development, Production"

Test suite Test suite means bundle a few unit test cases and run it together. In JUnit, both @RunWith and @Suite annotation are used to run the suite test.
example:
@RunWith(Suite.class)
@Suite.SuiteClasses({ TestJunit1.class ,TestJunit2.class })

Limitations of Junit:
1)dependent testcases cannot be executed
2)you cannot prioritize the test cases
3)you dont have an option to do datadriven testing with an annotation.

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